Sperm concentration is below normal (<15 million sperm/mL).
Can result from hormonal imbalances, testicular injury, varicocele, or infections.
Sperm can’t swim properly to reach and fertilize the egg.
Misshapen sperm may not penetrate or fertilize an egg effectively.
Swollen veins in the scrotum that overheat the testes and damage sperm production.
STDs (like chlamydia), mumps orchitis, or prostatitis can interfere with sperm health or block sperm flow.
Low testosterone, high prolactin, thyroid dysfunction, or pituitary issues can reduce sperm production.
Conditions like Klinefelter syndrome, Y chromosome microdeletions, or cystic fibrosis may affect fertility.
Toxins from these can lower testosterone and impair sperm function.
Anabolic steroids, chemotherapy, some antidepressants, and antifungals can impair fertility.
Chronic stress can disrupt hormone balance and reduce libido and sperm quality.
Exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, radiation, or plastics (like BPA) can damage sperm.
Frequent hot baths, tight underwear, or laptop use on the lap can reduce sperm count.
Linked to lower sperm count, poor motility, and hormonal disruption.
Sperm quality naturally declines after age 35–40, affecting motility and DNA integrity.
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